La Revista Científica Odontológica es publicada por la Carrera de Estomatología de la Universidad Científica del Sur. Incluye artículos originales, artículos de revisión, reportes de casos, protocolos de investigación, artículos especiales y cartas al editor. Publica temas de salud estomatológica en sus diferentes especialidades con el fin de mejorar de la salud del país y la región.
Carrera de Estomatología de la Universidad Científica del Sur
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EFFECT OF OCCLUSAL SPLINTING ON PAIN AND JOINT SPACE IN PATIENTS WITH TEMPOROMANDIBULAR DISORDERS. A CASE SERIES STUDY
Introduction: Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) affect the temporomandibular joint and masticatory muscles. The stabilization occlusal splint (SOS) is a conventional treatment; however, evidence regarding its effects on perceived pain and temporomandibular joint space is limited. Objective: To describe changes in perceived pain and temporomandibular joint spaces in a series of patients with TMD treated with SOS. Methods: Thirteen patients diagnosed with TMD and treated at a hospital were included. Pain intensity was recorded using a visual analog scale (VAS) before and after 30 days of continuous use of the FOE. Using cone beam computed tomography in sagittal and coronal sections, degenerative condylar signs were identified and joint spaces (anterior, superior, posterior, medial, and lateral) were measured before and after the installation of the SOS. Results: The mean age was 26.23 ± 13.94 years, with 69.23% being women. Pain intensity decreased significantly from 6.15 ± 1.82 to 3.62 ± 2.06 (p< 0.001), with the reduction being significant only in women (pand right medial spaces (p< 0.05). Conclusion: The use of SOS in patients with TMD showed a significant reduction in perceived pain and immediate changes in temporomandibular joint spaces.
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LATERALLY POSITIONED FLAP TO TREAT DEEP ISOLATED GINGIVAL RECESSION IN A ROTATED TOOTH. A CASE REPORT
Background: Complete root coverage (CRC) is the primary goal in the treatment of gingival recession defects. However, anatomical factors such as thin periodontal phenotype, limited keratinized tissue width, mucosal thickness, and tooth position can influence treatment prognosis. T he laterally moved flap technique is recommended when keratinized tissue is absent apical to the recession defect, especially in malpositioned teeth. Methods: A 36-year-old woman presented with a Miller Class II (Cairo Recession Type 2) gingival recession defect on the buccal surface of a rotated tooth #24, characterized by absence of keratinized tissue and a thin gingival phenotype. A laterally moved coronally advanced flap combined with a connective tissue graft was performed to increase keratinized tissue and mucosal thickness prior to orthodontic treatment. Results: At 6 months post-surgery, the patient showed stable clinical conditions with 60% root coverage, significant gain of keratinized tissue (3 mm), and increased gingival thickness. Both donor and recipient sites demonstrated satisfactory healing without signs of inflammation. Conclusion: T he combined use of a laterally moved coronally advanced flap with connective tissue graft is an effective mucogingival approach for managing deep gingival recession in rotated teeth with thin phenotypes. This technique enhances tissue thickness and keratinized tissue width, improving periodontal stability prior to orthodontic intervention.
TOOTHBRUSHING AND CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH: A NARRATIVE REVIEW OF POPULATION-BASED EVIDENCE
Emerging evidence from population-based studies increasingly underscores a significant association between oral hygiene practices—specifically toothbrushing frequency—and cardiovascular health outcomes. This brief narrative review synthesizes epidemiologic and mechanistic data, demonstrating that infrequent toothbrushing is consistently linked to elevated risks of stroke, coronary artery disease, and heart failure. These associations appear partially mediated by systemic inflammation (e.g., hsCRP, IL-6), metabolic dysregulation (e.g., HbA1c), and transient bacteremia. Numerous large-scale studies and meta-analyses report that brushing twice or more daily is associated with significantly reduced cardiovascular risk. Importantly, these findings converge despite differences in study populations, methodologies, and endpoints. The evidence supports regular toothbrushing as a feasible, low-cost, and globally scalable intervention with measurable systemic benefits. Integration of oral hygiene promotion into public health frameworks may contribute meaningfully to cardiovascular disease prevention, particularly in underserved communities.
CONCENTRATION IN THE EFFECTIVENESS OF ANTIMICROBIAL PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY WITH CURCUMIN ON STREPTOCOCCUS MUTANS BIOFILM
Objective: Evaluate the optimal concentration of ethylenediaminetetracetic acid (EDTA) in curcumin-mediated antibacterial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) with blue LED light on S. mutans biofilms. Materials and Methods: Biofilms of S. mutans grown on resin discs were used, exposed to two concentrations of EDTA (1% and 17%). The experimental groups included: negative control, positive control (chlorhexidine), 1% EDTA, 17% EDTA, 100 μM curcumin, 100 μM curcumin + 1% EDTA, and 100 μM curcumin + 17% EDTA, with and without exposure to blue LED light, except for the positive control. Bacterial viability was assessed by counting colony forming units (CFU/ml) after treatment application. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA adjusted by a generalized linear model (GLM) (p < 0,05). Results: The groups treated with 100μM curcumin and 100 μM curcumin + 1% EDTA, activated with blue LED light, showed the greatest reduction in bacterial viability. The combination with 17% EDTA did not significantly enhance the effect of aPDT. Conclusions: The addition of EDTA did not significantly enhance the activity of curcumin-mediated aPDT against S. mutans biofilms. The 1% EDTA concentration showed results comparable to the use of curcumin alone, suggesting that higher concentrations do not provide additional benefit.
ASSESSMENT OF RISK FACTORS FOR BLACK TRIANGLE FORMATION AFTER ORTHODONTIC TREATMENT WITH PREMOLAR EXTRACTIONS
Aim: Black triangles (open gingival embrasures) result from a reduction in the height of the interdental papilla below the contact point and can lead to food impaction, alveolar bone loss, difficulties in plaque control, compromised esthetics, and speech problems. Since achieving a harmonious and esthetic smile is one of the primary goals of orthodontic treatment, identifying risk factors associated with these spaces is of great clinical importance. The aim of the present study was to investigate and compare risk factors related to the occurrence of black triangles after orthodontic treatment. Methods: Records of 47 patients between the ages of 14-34 years old, all treated with fixed orthodontics using the MBT 0.22 system and bilateral premolar extraction, were retrospectively analyzed. Patients were divided into two groups based on the presence (n=25) or absence (n=22) of black triangles after treatment. Pre- and post-treatment panoramic radiographs, lateral cephalograms, and intraoral photographs were calibrated and analyzed using ImageJ and Dolphin Imaging software. Measurements included distance from contact point to alveolar crest, horizontal and vertical incisor movements, tooth morphology, interproximal CEJ distance, axial inclination of incisors, Little’s irregularity index, contact area, and treatment duration. Data were analyzed using paired and independent t-tests, Mann–Whitney U test, and Fisher’s exact test (significance level set lesser than 0.05). Results: The findings revealed that the distance from the contact point to the alveolar crest showed a statistically significant difference between the two groups in the mandibular arch (p = 0.006) and in the total of both arches combined (p = 0.003). However, the difference in the maxillary arch was not statistically significant (p = 0.127). Moreover, in patients without black triangles, the mean distance from the contact point to the alveolar crest showed a slight, nonsignificant decrease in both arches(P>0.05). In contrast, patients with black triangles exhibited no significant maxillary change but a significant mandibular increase from 3.44 mm pre- treatment to 4.19 mm post-treatment (p = 0.021). Other variables, including horizontal and vertical incisor movements, tooth morphology, interproximal CEJ distance, axial inclination, irregularity index, contact area, and treatment duration, did not show statistically significant differences (P>0.05). Conclusion: Maintaining a short vertical distance between the contact point and the alveolar bone crest plays a critical role in minimizing black triangle formation after orthodontic treatment. When treatment procedures are standardized, variables such as tooth angulation, crown shape, and treatment duration appear to have limited impact. T his study demonstrated that patients who developed black triangles showed a significant post treatment increase in the mandibular contact point to the alveolar crest distance. Recognizing this relationship can help clinicians refine treatment strategies to improve aesthetics and preserve periodontal health.
ADHERENCE TO RESEARCH DATA SHARING PRACTICE IN DENTISTRY OVER THE LAST DECADE: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY
Objective: This cross-sectional study evaluated the frequency of adherence to sharing dental research data over the last ten years (2013-2023). Methods: Data was obtained by searching the articles published in the five high-impact factor multidisciplinary journals in Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine. A total of 300 dental articles published in three time periods (2013/2018/2023) were randomly selected (n=900). Two researchers performed the study selection and extracted the data. T he main outcome was data sharing (yes/no). Comparative evaluation of data sharing distribution was performed with the Chi-square test and the contribution of variables on the data sharing with adjusted logistic regression. Results: Of the total studies included (n=900), only 20 records reported data sharing practices (data sharing prevalence: 2.2%). A significantly higher prevalence of data sharing was identified among studies published as "open access" [Odds Ratio: 2.97; 95% Confidence Interval: 1.10–8.02], than those published in subscription format. Conclusion: Low adherence to data sharing practices has been identified in the multidisciplinary dental literature. T he results indicated that the type of publication was associated with the outcome, but other aspects, such as the year of publication, continent, and number of citations were not associated with the practice of data sharing.
MICROHARDNESS AND FLEXURAL STRENGHT OF RESINS FOR THE POSTERIOR SECTOR: IN VITRO STUDY
Introduction. Contemporary resin composites have improved mechanical properties, such as microhardness and flexural strength, to better withstand masticatory loads. Nevertheless, fracture and wear remain common causes of failure in posterior restorations. Objective. To compare the surface microhardness and flexural strength of Filtek™ Z350 XT (3M ESPE), Estelite Posterior (Tokuyama), Beautifil II (Shofu), and Opallis (FGM). Materials and Methods. In vitro study with four resin composites (n = 10 per group). Disc-shaped specimens (5 mm × 2 mm) were used to evaluate Vickers microhardness (VHN), and bar-shaped specimens (25 mm × 2 mm × 2 mm) to perform a three-point bending test using a universal testing machine. Results. For flexural strength, Estelite Posterior showed the highest mean (136.59 ± 9.13 MPa). For surface microhardness, Filtek Z350 XT yielded the highest value (67.99 ± 2.60 VHN). Significant differences were found among groups (p < 0.001), except between Z350 XT and Estelite Posterior for microhardness (p = 0.101) and flexural strength (p = 0.252). Conclusion. Filtek Z350 XT and Estelite Posterior exhibited higher surface microhardness and flexural strength compared with Beautifil II and Opallis. Clinical Relevance. These results support more informed selection of posterior restorative materials, considering performance and longevity in the oral environment prior to clinical use.
ATTITUDES AND PERCEPTIONS OF DENTAL STUDENTS FOLLOWING THE IMPLEMENTATION OF AN ONLINE VIDEO AND PODCAST COMPARED TO A TRADITIONAL EDUCATIONAL STRATEGY IN THE ENDODONTICS COURSE. A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY
Objective: To evaluate the attitudes and perceptions of dental students following the implementation of an online video and podcast compared to a traditional educational strategy in the Endodontics course. Materials and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among students enrolled in the Endodontics course. A measurement instrument was developed and validated through expert judgment; it consisted of fifteen items assessing attitudes and ten questions regarding perceptions. A 4.30-minute video was created on the topic of chamber access in maxillary teeth, and a 15-minute podcast was produced on pulpal lesions. Gender-based comparisons were conducted using the Wilcoxon test. Additionally, Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests were applied for individual item associations with the gender covariate. A significance level of α < 0.05 was adopted. Results: A total of 21 male students (38%) and 34 female students (62%) participated, with a mean age of 22.80 years. The average attitude score was 67.33, with a maximum of 75 and a minimum of 55 points. A statistically significant difference was found between the scores of male and female students (p = 0.025). An association was observed between attitudes toward the use of the video (p = 0.049) and the podcast (p = 0.041) and the student’s gender. Additionally, 67.27% of students perceived that all three educational strategies should be used in the teaching process of endodontics. Students identified strengths in both the video and podcast, with no reported weaknesses. Conclusion: The use of video and podcast in endodontics may serve as a valuable alternative to complement the content provided in undergraduate dental education.
LEVEL OF ACCEPTANCE AND PARENTAL PERCEPTION OF SILVER DIAMINE FLUORIDE TREATMENT IN A PERUVIAN SCHOOL. A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY
Objective: To evaluate the level of acceptance and perception of parents regarding treatment with silver diamine fluoride (SDF). Materials and Methods: Descriptive, quantitative, cross-sectional, and prospective study conducted with 124 preschool parents, selected through cluster sampling. A validated survey was used, with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.970 for acceptability and 0.952 for perception. Chi-square was applied for associations (p < 0.05). Results: 65.32% of parents did not accept the application of SDF on anterior teeth, and 66.13% on posterior teeth. However, overall perception was favorable for anterior teeth (71.77%) and posterior teeth (77.5%). No statistically significant differences were found between anterior and posterior teeth in terms of acceptance or perception. Additionally, education levels showed a significant association with acceptance. Conclusion: Although parent perception was favorable, the acceptability of SDF was low, primarily due to its aesthetic impact. Education levels influenced the acceptance decision.
ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE IN THE ORAL SURGERY SUBJECTS OF UNDERGRADUATE DENTAL STUDENTS: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY
Objective: This study assessed the factors influencing the academic performance of undergraduate dental students in the field of oral surgery at a public university in southern Brazil. Materials and Methods: It included 146 students who were regularly enrolled in an undergraduate dental program, who completed at least one oral surgery subject. The survey questionnaire encompassed various variables, including sex, age, sexual orientation, family income, ethnicity, part-time employment, use of substance (licit or illicit), and whether dentistry was their initial choice for an undergraduate course. Academic performance was gauged using a grading system ranging from 0.0 (lowest possible grade) to 10.0 (highest possible grade). Bi- and multivariable linear regression analyses were performed to examine the associations between the outcome and independent variables. Results: An inverse relationship between age and academic performance remained significant (β: -0.318; 95% confidence interval [95%CI]: (-0.101–-0.034). Female students outperformed male students (β:0.173; 95%CI:0.022–0.400), while students who reported an increase in drug use exhibited lower academic performance (β: -0.158; 95% CI: -0.354–-0.001). Conclusions: It was concluded that academic performance in oral surgery subjects was notably poorer in older students and those who reported increased drug use. Female students, on the other hand, demonstrated better academic performance.
STRESS EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT CAD-ON MATERIAL COMBINATIONS IN CROWN DESIGN OVER CONVENTIONAL HAND-LAYERED ZIRCONIA - AN IN VITRO 3D FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS
Objective: Zirconia-based restorations are widely used for fixed partial dentures but are prone to veneering porcelain chipping. The CAD-on technique, combining a zirconia or polymer coping with a lithium disilicate veneer, may enhance biomechanical performance. This study evaluated stress distribution and deformation of different CAD-on combinations versus conventional hand layered zirconia crowns using finite element analysis (FEA). Materials and Methods: Mandibular molar crowns were modelled in four groups: Group 1 – conventional hand-layered zirconia; Group 2 – zirconia coping with lithium disilicate veneer; Group 3 – BioHPP (polyethyleetherketone) coping with lithium disilicate veneer; Group 4 – PEKK (polyethyleketoneketone) coping with lithium disilicate veneer. A 280 N static occlusal load was applied at five points of occlusal surface. Stress and deformation were analyzed with ANSYS; results were compared statistically (ANOVA, post hoc Tukey, p < 0.05). Results: Group 1 showed the highest occlusal von mises stress (1.341 ± 0.086) and deformation (0.099 - 0.100 mm). CAD-on crowns significantly reduced stress and deformation, with BioHPP and PEKK groups showing the most favorable outcomes. Conclusion: CAD-on crowns, especially with polymer copings, provided superior biomechanical performance compared to conventional hand-layered zirconia crowns. Clinical implementation: CAD-on crowns, particularly those with BioHPP and PEKK copings, demonstrated lower stress concentration and deformation, indicating their suitability for patients with high occlusal loads or parafunctional habits. Incorporating these polymer-based copings may improve long-term success rates compared to conventional hand-layered zirconia crowns.
THE ROLE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN THE AUTHORSHIP OF SCIENTIFIC ARTICLES IN DENTISTRY: ETHICAL APPROACHES FOR RESPONSIBLE USE
A central challenge in contemporary dentistry is determining how to ethically and responsibly integrate artificial intelligence tools, such as ChatGPT, DeepSeek, and Google Gemini, into scientific article writing, review, and development, while ensuring that these technologies do not compromise researchers’ originality or fundamental responsibilities (1-4). The coming years will be critical for establishing clear boundaries. Although AI tools can support specific aspects of research, they should not be used to generate research ideas or to author scientific articles. These issues require us to clarify the distinct roles of researchers and establish effective strategies to safeguard the originality of our studies.
MULTIPLE EXPLANTATION, LOW-POWER LASER, AND VITAMIN B COMPLEX IN THE TREATMENT OF MANDIBULAR PARESTHESIA AND DYSESTHESIA: CASE REPORT
Neurosensory disorders (ND) following the placement of dental implants (DI) in the posterior mandibular region are a potential complication due to their proximity to the inferior alveolar nerve (IAN). Paresthesia and dysesthesia are the most commonly reported symptoms, affecting quality of life and requiring an effective therapeutic approach. This case report describes the management of ND using adjunctive laser therapy (LT) combined with B-complex vitamins (B-Vit). A 57-year-old female patient presented with persistent hypoesthesia and spontaneous episodes of electric shock-like sensations after the placement of three dental implants in the posterior right mandibular region. Clinical examination confirmed a lack of soft tissue sensation and pain rated 8/10 on the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) at the depth of the sulcus. Tomographic imaging revealed compression of the IAN by all three DI. A diagnosis of paresthesia with dysesthesia secondary to nerve compression was established. With informed consent, the dental implants were explanted, followed by guided bone regeneration. As adjunctive therapy, low-level laser therapy (LLLT) at wavelengths of 650 nm and 976 nm was applied, along with B-Vit administered every 8 hours for 15 days. By the third session, the patient reported recovered sensation and a pain score of 0/10 on the VAS, leading to the conclusion of treatment. Subsequent tomographic imaging showed the bone neoformation. This case suggests that the combination of LLLT with B-Vit may serve as an adjunctive therapeutic alternative for the management of dysesthesia and paresthesia following the explantation of implants compressing the IAN.
RELATIONSHIP AMONG FEEDING BEHAVIOR AND CARIOGENIC POTENTIAL IN EARLY CHILDHOOD. A REVIEW
Introduction: Feeding behavior encompasses a set of individual and group actions related to food use and consumption. Analyzing these dietary patterns serves a crucial tool for obtaining precise and relevant data to assess the dental and nutritional status of a population. We aimed to examine the relationship between dietary behaviors and their cariogenic potential in early childhood through a narrative review of scientific literature published among 2017 and 2024. Materials and Methods: Medline, LILACS, and ScienceDirect databases were searched using Boolean operators to combine search terms and filter results by meta-analyses, systematic reviews, observational studies, case studies, randomized controlled trials, and cross-sectional studies. Of the 106 articles retrieved, we included 9, because those met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results: The results highlighted the need to promote proper nutrition from early life to prevent dental diseases in children. Additionally, we emphasize the importance of fostering oral health care, including correct brushing techniques, among both parents and caregivers. Conclusion: We concluded that oral health education is a cornerstone for addressing this significant public health issue.
EARLY DIAGNOSIS OF CONGENITAL CRANIOFACIAL DIFFERENCES: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF CURRENT EVIDENCE
Introduction: Craniofacial congenital differences (CCDs) impact vital functions and have psychosocial implications. Early diagnosis is crucial to optimize prognosis and quality of life. Objective To analyze the current evidence on the early diagnosis of CCDs, identifying effective methodologies and gaps in knowledge. Materials and Methods: This systematic review was conducted following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. The literature search included 25 studies published between January 2020 and June 2025, covering a variety of designs, such as cohort studies, diagnostic accuracy studies, and randomized controlled trials (RCTs). The consulted databases were PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, LILACS, and Cochrane Library. Study selection and data extraction were performed independently by two reviewers to ensure the reliability of the information. The methodological quality and risk of bias of the included studies were assessed using specific tools: QUADAS-2 for diagnostic accuracy studies, RoB 2.0 or RCTs, and the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for cohort studies. Finally, the overall certainty of evidence was determined using the GRADE rating system. Results: Prenatal ultrasound showed 75% sensitivity and 98% specificity for cleft lip and palate. Fetal MRI achieved 90% sensitivity and 97% specificity for complex CCDs. Prenatal methods allowed for earlier diagnosis (mean 24 weeks of gestation) and facilitated clinical planning. Evidence of the long-term impact on functional/aesthetic prognosis was limited (very low GRADE). Adverse effects were minimal. Conclusions: Prenatal ultrasound and fetal MRI are useful for the early diagnosis of CCDs, improving clinical management. Rigorous research is needed, especially longitudinal studies, to evaluate long-term prognosis and address global disparities.
NEED FOR ORTHODONTIC TREATMENT AND SELF-PERCEPTION IN PATIENTS CHILDREN FACULTY OF DENTISTRY OF UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DEL NORDESTE
Objective: to analyze the need for orthodontic treatment and its relationship with self-perception in children with mixed dentition patients of the Faculty of Dentistry of the National University of the Northeast. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional observational descriptive study was conducted. For the clinical examination, a fact sheet was presented to the parents and/or guardians of the procedures and objectives of the work signing an informed consent and assent by the patients to be evaluated. The clinical examination was carried out by a single examiner trained for this purpose. All selected patients were given an Orthodontic Treatment Need Index. The analysis of the data was done using the statistical software InfoStat version 2021. Results: 163 patients have been evaluated, 50% correspond to the female gender and 50% to the male sex. Patients were aged between 6 and 11 years, with an average of 7.5 years and a standard deviation of 1.32 years. The Independence test was performed by (χ2), we worked with a significance level p = 0.05. between the dental health component of the IOTN and self-perception of the dental aesthetics given by the Aesthetic component of the IOTN, where a correlation between both variables could not be determined. Conclusions: no relationship was found between the need for orthodontic treatment and self-perception in children with mixed dentition patients from the Faculty of Dentistry of the UNNE.
ANTHROPOMETRIC INDICATORS AND DENTAL CARIES IN THE PEDIATRIC POPULATION OF RURAL COMMUNITIES IN THE PERUVIAN AMAZON: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY
Introduction: Dental caries and nutritional alterations are common in childhood, particularly in rural communities with limited access to health services. Objective: To determine the association between anthropometric indicators and the presence of dental caries in children aged 5 to 11 years from selected rural communities in the Peruvian Amazon. Methods: Cross-sectional study including 116 children from Llaylla, Pampa Hermosa, and Belén (Satipo, Junín). Body mass index for age (BMI/A), abdominal circumference for age (AC/A), and height for age (H/A) were assessed according to WHO and MINSA standards. Dental caries was evaluated using the DMFT/dmft index and the clinical consequences of untreated dental caries (pufa/PUFA). Associations between anthropometric variables and dental caries were analyzed using logistic regression adjusted for age and sex, with p<0.05 considered statistically significant. Results: Children with overweight/obesity had a higher risk of caries in permanent dentition (OR=3.875) and a lower risk in primary dentition (OR=0.539). Those with high or very high risk according to AC/A showed OR=0.968 in permanent dentition and OR=0.864 in primary dentition. Children with low height for age (H/A) presented OR=1.319 in permanent dentition and OR=1.757 in primary dentition. All associations were not statistically significant (p>0.05). Conclusion: Dental caries is highly prevalent among Amazonian children. Anthropometric indicators were not significantly associated with caries, suggesting the influence of other factors such as diet and access to dental care.
SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS ASSOCIATED WITH ORAL HEALTH LITERACY IN ADULTS: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY
Objective: To determine the sociodemographic characteristics associated with oral health literacy (OHL) in Peruvian adults attending a public health center in Lima. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study included 384 Peruvian adults aged 19 to 64 who visited a health center in Metropolitan Lima. OHL was measured using the Peruvian version of the Health Literacy in Dentistry-14 (HeLD-14) score. Sociodemographic characteristics, including gender, age, place of residence, number of children, health insurance status, educational level, occupation, and monthly income, were collected. Bivariate analysis was performed using the nonparametric Mann-Whitney U, Kruskal-Wallis, and Spearman correlation tests, while multivariate analysis was conducted using the linear regression model with a significance level of 5%. Results: The average OHL score was 48.60 ± 6.89. Literacy was higher in women (p = 0.004) and among those with higher incomes (p = 0.002). Conversely, literacy decreased with increasing age (p = 0.022) and number of children (p = 0.033). In the adjusted model, an association was found with being female (β = 0.097, p = 0.001), younger age (β = -0.003, p = 0.015), and a monthly income greater than five minimum wages (β = 0.100, p = 0.025). Conclusion: OHL in an adult population in an urban area tends to be high and is associated with sociodemographic characteristics such as gender, age, and monthly income.
KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE, AND PERCEPTION OF RADIOLOGICAL RISKS AND USE OF RADIOLOGY-INFORMED CONSENT AMONG PERUVIAN DENTISTS
Objective: To evaluate the level of knowledge, attitude, and perception of radiological risks and the use of informed consent in oral and maxillofacial radiology among dentists working at the National University of San Marcos (UNMSM). Materials and Methods: The design of this study was observational, descriptive, and cross-sectional. A 25-item multiple-choice questionnaire was developed using Google Forms. The first section presented sociodemographic data, and the second section presented the assessment of knowledge, attitude, and perception of radiological risks and the use of informed consent (IC) in oral and maxillofacial radiology. Eighty-nine teaching professionals were included in the analysis. The data were analyzed using the chi-square test and logistic regression analysis, with a significance level of p≤ 0.05. Results: The level of knowledge was found to be high (76.40%) and medium (23.60%) in the sample; however, only questions related to the organ requiring radiographic protection and knowledge of the principles of radiation protection were statistically different according to academic degree and years of clinical experience, respectively (p≤0.05). With regard to attitude and perception, most participants always or very frequently use lead aprons (62.93%) and thyroid collars (42.70%) on their patients, while only perception showed significant differences according to academic degree and clinical entity in which they work (p≤0.05). Conclusions: The results offer a representative view of the knowledge, practices, and perceptions that could be present in other educational and clinical settings. These could raise awareness among dentists, promote the use of IC in dental radiology, and guide training interventions, institutional policies, and regulatory frameworks.
MUCOGINGIVAL PARAMETERS OF MAXILLARY ANTERIOR TEETH IN PERUVIAN DENTAL STUDENTS: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY
Objective: To determine the mucogingival parameters of the maxillary anterior teeth in Peruvian dental students, including the width of keratinized gingiva, gingival phenotype, interdental papilla height, and gingival zenith position. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 128 randomly selected dental students from a private university in Lima, Peru. Prior to data collection, a pilot study and examiner calibration were performed. Mucogingival parameters were clinically assessed using a North Carolina periodontal probe. Measurements were analyzed by tooth type, sex, and age using the Chi-square test, Mann–Whitney U test, Friedman test, and Dunn’s post hoc test (α = 0.05). Results: The mean width of keratinized gingiva ranged from 4.99 mm to 5.29 mm, and the height of the interdental papilla ranged from 3.99 mm to 4.41 mm. A thick gingival phenotype was observed in 83.6% of participants. Gingival zenith deviation from the midline ranged from 0.15 mm to 0.18 mm. No statistically significant differences in mucogingival parameters were found by sex or age. Conclusion: Mucogingival parameters showed notable individual variability among young Peruvian dental students, with no significant influence of sex or age. These values may serve as clinical reference points for periodontal assessment in the esthetic zone. Clinical relevance highlighted that population-specific data on mucogingival characteristics can improve diagnostic accuracy and support personalized treatment planning. These findings contribute to clinical decision-making and future research in periodontology and esthetic dentistry.
AWARENESS AND PERCEPTION OF IMPACTED WISDOM TEETH AMONG NON-MEDICAL STUDENTS IN SALEM: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY
Introduction: Impacted teeth may sometimes be asymptomatic but can also be associated with serious complications such as infections, cysts, or tumors. The common symptoms of impacted teeth include pain, swelling, and/or trismus (difficulty opening the mouth). Despite the potential for complications, public awareness of impacted teeth is low. Thus, this research aims to assess the awareness and consequences of impacted teeth among non-medical students. Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among non-medical students in Salem, Tamil Nadu, India. A validated standard questionnaire was prepared in English with multiple-choice and yes or no questions. The survey was conducted online, and the validated questionnaire with an appended informed consent form was sent via Google Form application. The questionnaire consisted of questions about awareness of and the consequences of impacted teeth. The responses of the participants were recorded and analyzed for completeness. Incomplete forms were excluded from the study. Statistical analysis was performed using descriptive statistics, the Chi-square test for categorical variables, and the Mann–Whitney U test for group comparisons. Normality was assessed using the Kolmogorov–Smirnov and Shapiro–Wilk tests. Results: There were 207 (53.5%) males and 180 (46.5%) females. Of the study participants, 254 participants (65.6%) were unaware of impacted teeth, while 133 (34.4%) reported being aware. Even though females were fewer in number compared to males, they were more aware of the impacted wisdom teeth. Awareness was significantly higher among Arts and Science students compared to Engineering students (Chisquare test, p = 0.032). The study population was primarily between the ages of 17 and 25. The mean age was 20 years. Additionally, about 31% of participants were familiar with the time of eruption of wisdom teeth, indicating a moderate level of awareness among this group regarding a specific type of impacted tooth. This highlights the need for greater educational efforts to increase awareness about impacted teeth in the general population. Conclusion: The present study indicates that only 34.4% of the non-medical students were aware of wisdom teeth but were unaware of the complications of impacted teeth. Hence, a better awareness of impacted teeth and the associated problems should be created among non-medical students.
LEVEL OF KNOWLEDGE ABOUT PERIODONTAL DISEASE AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS IN HEALTH AND OTHER FIELDS. A CROSSSECTIONAL STUDY
Introduction: Periodontal disease (PD), which includes conditions such as gingivitis and periodontitis, affects between 20% and 50% of the global population and is one of the leading causes of tooth loss. This condition compromises functions such as mastication, aesthetics, and overall quality of life. Objective: To determine the level of knowledge about periodontal disease among university students from health and non-health programs at a private university in Peru. Methodology: A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted with a convenience sample of 388 students (192 from health-related programs and 196 from non-health-related programs). A self-administered 15-item questionnaire was used to assess knowledge in three areas: periodontal health (7 items), oral hygiene (4 items), and sociodemographic data (4 items). The validity of the instrument was supported by a KMO index of 0.65 and a significant Bartlett's sphericity test (p<0.001). Reliability was determined using McDonald’s omega coefficient (0.615). Statistical analysis included Chi-square tests and multiple linear regression, with a significance level set at p<0.05. Results: A total of 53.6% of participants reported brushing their teeth three times a day, with this practice being more common among non-health students (p<0.001). Regarding knowledge of PD, 72.7% demonstrated a low level of knowledge, with no significant differences by sex (p=0.39) or academic area (p=0.29). Only 1% exhibited a high level of knowledge. Conclusion: The evaluated university students showed a low level of knowledge about periodontal disease, highlighting the need to integrate oral health content into university curricula in a cross-cutting and multidisciplinary manner.
DIGITAL DENTISTRY AS A NEW CULTURE OF LEARNING AND PRACTICE
Dentistry has experienced a profound digital transformation in recent years. Each year brings new technological advances, and keeping pace with them can be a demanding task. Three-dimensional workflows, digital scanners, and CAD/CAM (Computer-Aided design and manufacturing) systems are now part of daily clinical reality. However, the true challenge is not only to adopt new tools but to educate professionals capable of critical thinking and sound decision-making. Diagnosis, planning, and daily practice have also evolved. Today, digital systems play a central role in education because they allow students to practice procedures before treating real patients (1). Reports from the FDI World Dental Federation and the World Health Organization highlight that digital transformation is more than a technical change; it represents a new way of understanding access and equity in modern dentistry (2,3).
MINIMALLY INVASIVE FUNCTIONAL AESTHETIC RECONTOURING THROUGH SELECTIVE ENAMEL REDUCTION. A CASE REPORT
Aesthetic dentistry is increasingly in demand by patients, in some cases, minimal modifications to the size, shape, or proportions of teeth are required, for which there are mainly direct or indirect additive techniques. Similarly, conservative dentistry seeks to meet aesthetic and functional objectives with minimal intervention. This clinical case describes a minimally invasive functional aesthetic recontouring with selective reduction of the enamel of the anterior teeth to optimize the aesthetic results of a 30-year-old male patient who consulted for an aesthetic improvement in the appearance of his smile. This technique offers advantages such as immediate results with aesthetic and functional benefits that can be considered economical and safe compared to conventional methods.
PERIPHERAL OSSIFYING FIBROMA. A SERIES OF CASES
Objective: To report a series of three cases diagnosed with peripheral ossifying fibroma. Materials and Methods: Three clinical cases are presented of patients with exophytic lesions who underwent excisional biopsy with bone debridement and, in specific cases, extraction of associated teeth. Results: the three cases were diagnosed as peripheral ossifying fibromas, subsequent to the determination of histopathological findings consistent with the diagnosis, such as the presence of fibrous tissue, bone deposits and calcified material. After 1 year of follow-up, no recurrence was observed in any of the patients. Conclusions: these cases highlight the importance of adequate surgical removal, including safety margins, along with rigorous postoperative follow-up and control of local irritants; In order to prevent recurrence of the injury, and ensuring the functional and aesthetic integrity of the affected tissues.
ASSOCIATION OF CIGARETTE CONSUMPTION, NICOTINE DERIVATIVES AND CANNABIS WITH PERIODONTAL DISEASE. A REVIEW
Background: Tobacco use is considered one of the leading risk factors for death worldwide. Scientific evidence shows that smoking is associated with serious and chronic diseases, such as inflammatory diseases, head, neck and lung cancers, as well as oral diseases, including periodontal disease. This study aimed to evaluate the association between tobacco, nicotine derivatives, cannabis consumption and periodontal disease. Materials and Methods: A narrative review was performed based on studies collected in the Medline, Scopus and SciELO databases, considering those studies involving the adult population. Results: screening and synthesis of the available information was performed by two reviewers working independently. Five hundred and nineteen articles were reviewed, while 39 were finally selected; including cross-sectional studies, randomized clinical trials, mendelian randomization studies, cohort studies, case-control studies, longitudinal studies, and in vitro studies. Conclusion: The current study concluded that there is an association between periodontal disease and the consumption of tobacco, nicotine derivatives, and cannabis based on the available evidence. Future studies should evaluate and place major emphasis on the association of cannabis with periodontal disease, as the evidence is limited compared to other type of drugs.
ACCURACY OF INTEGRATED APEX LOCATORS IN ENDODONTIC MOTORS ACCORDING TO THE TYPE OF FILE USED: COMPARISON BETWEEN MANUAL AND MECHANIZED FILES
Objectives: This pilot in vitro analytical observational study evaluated the accuracy of three apex locators—Root ZX mini (Morita), Endo Radar Plus (Woodpecker), and Endo Motor SCM-011 (Fanta)—in determining root canal length, comparing measurements obtained using manual and mechanized files against a reference value obtained through cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Materials and Methods: Sixty permanent human teeth were randomly distributed into three groups according to the apex locator used. Root canal length was measured with manual files (without motor) and with mechanized files driven by endodontic motors with integrated apex locator functionality. Absolute errors were calculated in relation to the reference value, and statistical analyses were performed using Student's t-test and ANOVA (p<0.05). Results: Manual files showed a lower mean absolute error (0.253 mm) than mechanized files (0.423 mm), with statistically significant differences (p < 0.0001). Among the apex locators, when using manual files, Endo Radar exhibited higher absolute errors compared to Root ZX mini (p = 0.021) and Endo Motor SCM-011 (p = 0.004), with no significant differences between Root ZX mini and Endo Motor SCM-011 (p = 1.000). With mechanized files, the error rates were similar across the three devices (p = 0.768). Conclusion: Manual files provided more accurate root length measurements than mechanized ones. The Root ZX mini and Endo Motor SCM-011 showed greater accuracy when used with manual files. These preliminary findings highlight the influence of file type and activation mode of the apex locator on the accuracy of root length determination.
SEQUENTIAL EXPLORATION UNEARTHS SOCIAL MEDIA TO INFLUENCE THE PERSONA OF PRACTICING PEDIATRIC DENTISTS
Background: The pediatric dentist's personality is subject to change owing to cultural, social, and technological changes. To achieve a successful treatment delivery, it is crucial to understand which aspect of a pedodontist's personality influences their clinical practice. Aim: This study aimed to explore the most influential factor that affects a pediatric dentist's personality. Methodology: This study used the mixed-methods sequential exploration technique. The qualitative phase included a semistructured interview (n=13) based on the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF) and Capability-Opportunity-Motivation-Behavior (COM-B) model. Weightage analysis identified social media as the most common theme among the responses. A quantitative phase then followed wherein responses from a validated questionnaire (n=343) based on the technology acceptance model tested whether social media influenced a pediatric dentist's personality. Results: The inter-rater reliability using Krippendorff's Alpha in the qualitative phase was 0.82, indicating a strong agreement for theme identification (social media). The responses were grouped based on the participants' age: Group I (n=64; age <30 years), Group II (n=186; age 31-50), Group III (n=93; age >51 years). Intergroup comparison using the Kruskal-Wallis test showed statistically significant differences across questions related to perceived usefulness (n=3), perceived ease of use (n=3), attitude towards use (n=2), behavioral intention to use (n=1), and actual use (n=2). Post hoc analysis, conducted using Mann-Whitney U-tests, revealed significant variations in responses between Group 1 & Group 2, and between Group 1 & Group 3. Conclusion: Across various age groups, social media does influence a pediatric dentist's personality and is a key aspect of E-Professionalism.
SATISFACTION LEVEL OF USERS SERVED AT THE DENTAL OFFICE OF A HOSPITAL IN CAJAMARCA, PERU: 2024 - A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY
Objective: The objective of the study was to establish the level of satisfaction of each of the patients seen in the dentistry office of the Cajamarca Regional Teaching Hospital during the year 2024. Materials and methods: For this purpose, a quantitative, descriptive and cross-sectional methodology was used, and a simple randomized probabilistic design was used to select the sample, with 340 participants. As for data acquisition, the SERVQUAL measurement instrument modified for the dental office was used. Results: Regarding the satisfaction of users treated in the dental service, 39.4% were dissatisfied, 34.4% were satisfied, and 26.2% were satisfied. Conclusion: The results revealed a significant level of dissatisfaction, reflected at 39.4%, underscoring the need to continuously optimize service quality to maintain high levels of satisfaction.
OCCLUSAL CONTACT AREA CHANGES WITH DIFFERENT RETENTION PROTOCOLS USING T-SCAN III: AN OBSERVATIONAL STUDY
Introduction: The retention phase in orthodontics is essential for maintaining corrected occlusion and preventing relapse. Clear retainers like Essix are popular for their aesthetics and affordability, but their occlusal coverage might impact anterior and posterior contacts. Modified versions, such as Occless Essix, have been introduced to address these concerns. The aim of this study was to compare occlusal changes over time between Essix and Occless Essix retainers using the T-scan III system. Materials and Methods: This analytical observational study involved 30 orthodontic patients treated with MBT 0.022-inch brackets and first premolar extractions. Patients were divided into two groups: one with Essix retainers and the other with Occless Essix retainers. Occlusal contacts and their intensities in anterior and posterior regions were recorded immediately after debonding (T0) and three months later (T1) using the T-scan III system. Statistical analysis used Mann-Whitney, T-test, and Chi-square tests, with significance set at 5%. Results: After three months, the Occless Essix group showed increased posterior contact intensity and a slight decrease in anterior contact intensity. Conversely, the Essix group had increased anterior contact intensity and decreased posterior contact intensity. These changes were not statistically significant (P=0.17). The Occless Essix group had an increased number of posterior occlusal contacts and a decreased number of anterior contacts, while the Essix group showed a slight increase in anterior contacts. These changes were not statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion: There were no significant differences between Essix and Occless Essix retainers regarding changes in occlusal force intensities or the number of occlusal contacts after three months.