Science and engineering peer-review journal of a multidisciplinary nature focused on research and development on diverse sustainability-related fields. Open for publications of original papers and reviews from researchers, professionals, and students.
Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales. Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Perú
Inventory of water consumption in concrete production in Panama: towards sustainable production
Water is essential for socioeconomic development. In Panama, concrete production, crucial for housing and infrastructure, requires water consumption. This policy brief presents the first water inventory of the sector, based on primary data from Panamanian companies. Consumption ranges from 189.9 to 641.8 L/m³, highlighting the need to optimize auxiliary processes and to standardize measuring and reporting. It is recommended to adopt the «Reduce Your Water Footprint» program for the disaggregated measurement of water quantity and quality to strengthen the resilience and sustainability of the sector.
Copyright (c) 2025 Yazmin L. Mack-Vergara, Luis Sulbarán, Yamileth Lima, Vanderley M. John https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Predictive models applied to the eco-efficiency indicators of a banking institution, Peru
Institutional savings for public entities was a mandatory provision established by Peru’s Ministry of the Environment (MINAM) in 2009, and in subsequent years the emphasis was oriented toward eco-efficiency. In this context, as a state-owned bank, Agrobanco set a baseline and adopted this environmental management tool in 2022. The aim of this study was to build prediction models for eco-efficiency indicators using Agrobanco’s records from 2022 to 2024. A linear regression analysis was conducted to investigate the relationship between the number of employees and indicators for energy and water savings, as well as the generating of recoverable solid waste, as published in the institution’s quarterly reports on its official website. According to the p-value, the significant models for the study were CIDCA (2.07E-04), CCE (3.11E-06) and CIDCE (1.80E-09), relative to their critical values. The study found that per capita water consumption and electricity consumption demonstrate a positive effect with respect to the number of employees, reflecting the effectiveness of the management instrument for these resources. It should be noted that the established models for the generation of recoverable waste do not indicate a significant relationship to the number of employees when predicting their behavior. To summarize, the data from the eco-efficiency indicators for water and energy savings from 2022 to 2024 facilitate the building of effective predictive models for evaluating the management tool.
Copyright (c) 2025 Leslye Millones-Cumpa, July Zegarra-Choque https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Influence of acid rock drainage as a product of glacier retreat: Findings and mitigation proposals in the face of climate change
Climate change is intensifying glacier loss in Peru, directly affecting both the quality and availability of water in high Andean areas. This process leads to acid rock drainage (ARD), resulting from the exposure and oxidation of mineralized rocks following glacier retreat. Added to this are anthropogenic pressures such as mining, agriculture and a lack of sanitation infrastructure in rural areas, which further exacerbate the degradation of water resources. The aim of this policy brief is to summarize the key findings from studies conducted in areas with and without ARD influence, assessing physicochemical and biological indicators that determine water quality and its effects on populations and ecosystems. The results indicate a progressive decline in water quality, particularly in ARD-affected zones, where acidity and metal concentrations pose risks to both the environment and human health. In this context, this policy brief calls for the strengthening of integrated and preventive water management measures, and the prioritizing of sustainable remediation strategies such as phytoremediation, permeable reactive barriers and bioremediation systems, alongside greater investment in applied research and territorial planning.
Copyright (c) 2025 Channel Yurico Rodriguez-Torres https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Legitimizing, invisibilizing, and millennializing: three things conservationists should avoid
In July 2025, I had the privilege of participating as an observer in an event of great international significance: the 15th Conference of the Parties (COP15) to the Ramsar Convention, the most important global treaty for the protection of wetlands. This participation leads me to share some reflections on the challenges facing ecosystem conservation today.
Copyright (c) 2025 Héctor Aponte https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Sustainable Treatment of Dairy Industry Effluents by Electrocoagulation
The aim of this study was to determine the optimal parameters for electrode distribution, electric current and treatment time, in order to achieve the efficient treatment of dairy effluents using the electrocoagulation process. Using the Taguchi L9 (33) experimental design, which considers three factors at three different levels, the study focused on the efficient purification of dairy effluents by electrocoagulation, identifying the key parameters that improve the reduction of pollutants. The results indicate that the ideal conditions for electrocoagulation include a current of four amps, a treatment time of 10 to 20 minutes, and Al:Fe or Al:Al electrode configurations. These conditions were found to maximize efficiency in reducing biological oxygen demand (BOD5), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and total suspended solids (TSS). In conclusion, the findings of the study suggest that focusing on these parameters is crucial for the optimization of dairy effluent treatment, thereby contributing to more sustainable practices within the industry.
Copyright (c) 2025 Wilber Quispe, Patricia Quispe https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Recuperación preliminar de biomasa de Chlorella vulgaris y Phaeodactylum tricornutum mediante floculación alcalina: estrategia ecoeficiente para sistemas de producción sostenibles
El crecimiento poblacional y la creciente demanda de recursos hacen de las microalgas una alternativa sostenible para la producción de biomasa de interés alimentario, energético y ambiental. Sin embargo, la cosecha representa hasta el 30 % de los costos de producción, debido al pequeño tamaño celular y a la baja concentración de biomasa. Entre las estrategias disponibles, la floculación alcalina destaca por su simplicidad, bajo costo y menor impacto ambiental. Este estudio evaluó la recuperación de biomasa de Chlorella vulgaris y Phaeodactylum tricornutum mediante la adición de NaOH (0.5 M) en condiciones controladas. Se obtuvo una sedimentación completa en 30 minutos y eficiencias de floculación del 80 % y 92 %, respectivamente. Los análisis gravimétricos confirmaron un rendimiento significativo, especialmente en P. tricornutum. Esta investigación aporta a la sostenibilidad global al demostrar una técnica que reduce el consumo energético, limita el uso de químicos y permite reutilizar recursos, promoviendo sistemas de producción resilientes y circulares. Se fortalece así la transición hacia modelos biotecnológicos alineados con la economía circular y los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible, especialmente en producción responsable (ODS 12) y acción climática (ODS 13).
Copyright (c) 2025 Jorge Bautista Correa; Max Castañeda Franco , Arturo Mires-Reyes, Paul Baltazar Guerrero https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Influence of biochar on soil nitrogen availability and maize yield in a hyper-arid Leptosol soil on the Peruvian Pacific coast
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of biochar on the soil nitrogen supply for maize. A field experiment was conducted across two crop cycles, with four treatments: control; urea (0.5 t.ha-1); biochar (1 t.ha-1); and a combination of urea (0.42 t.ha-1) and biochar (0.5 t.ha-1). Biochar was produced from municipal green waste using an adobe kiln and later blended with urea (75%) and clay (25%) for enrichment purposes. The changes in the supply rate of soil nitrogen and increased vegetative growth (+8% in the first crop and +41% in the second crop) and yield (+160% in the first crop and +110% in the second crop) in the maize, as a result of the combined application of biochar and urea, demonstrate the value of enriching biochar with synthetic nitrogen. Furthermore, the comparatively low maize yield when only biochar was applied suggests that enriching biochar with nitrogen fertilizer may be essential for achieving agronomic benefits with biochar, at least in the case of the low fertility Leptosol soil which was the focus of this study. These results offer an initial insight into the benefits and challenges associated with biochar application in Peru’s sandy coastal soils, indicating promising effects on soil nitrogen stabilization.
Copyright (c) 2025 Christian Campos-Astupiña, Ursula Loret de Mola León, Brenton Ladd https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Insights into the dietary composition and conservation challenges of the Chilean eagle ray (Myliobatis chilensis) in the port of Chancay, Lima
The Chilean eagle ray (Myliobatis chilensis) is a vulnerable batoid mesopredator frequently caught as bycatch in Peruvian artisanal fisheries. Despite sustained landings at ports such as Chancay, the species remains unmanaged and poorly studied from an ecological perspective. In this study, we analyzed the stomach contents from twenty-four specimens landed at the port of Chancay during the winter of 2021, in order to establish baseline data on the local trophic ecology. Ten prey taxa were identified, with the red squat lobster (Pleuroncodes monodon) dominating all dietary indices (%PW = 89.35; %PSIRI = 63.59), indicating a marked benthic foraging pattern. Polychaetes and teleost eggs constituted relevant secondary prey. Although statistical comparisons were not conducted, due to seasonal sampling limitations, the consistent predominance of P. monodon suggests dietary stability under current fishing pressure. These results indicate a benthic dietary pattern under current conditions in Chancay, which may reflect localized prey availability, raising key concerns regarding habitat sensitivity. In a context of increasing fishing intensity and coastal development, dietary studies provide critical early signs of local ecosystem stress and constitute a practical basis for designing targeted conservation measures.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ana Lucía Yapur-Pancorvo, Francisco Rafael Pinilla García https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Andean Polylepis forests and their climate change mitigation capacity
In Andean ecosystems, Polylepis forests are essential for carbon regulation. A study conducted in Huascarán National Park, Peru, has shown that both natural conserved and planted Polylepis forests are efficient at storing and capturing carbon within the tree biomass and soil, indicating the need for improved conservation initiatives across all Polylepis forests. This will enable regional and national authorities and local populations to arrive at informed decisions, and to develop public policies for the propagation and conservation of Polylepis species in Andean areas, in order to increase carbon sinks and generate carbon market opportunities, with the aim of reducing the impacts of current climate variation on Peruvian mountain ecosystems.
Copyright (c) 2025 Eduardo Luisenrique Sanchez Carrión, Edwin Julio Palomino Cadenas https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Deforestation in the Peruvian Amazon: Exploring Responses from a Complex Perspective
Deforestation is the result of a complex interaction between economic, social, political and ecological factors, which feed back into each other within a dynamic system. From an energy perspective, it is a process of transformation from complex, low-entropy systems to simpler, high-entropy systems. Therefore, when seeking to mitigate the impacts of this energy imbalance and restore a certain degree of ecosystem "order" or balance, the implementation of systemic policies is essential. This paper addresses how, since the arrival of humans within the Amazon ecosystem, a dialogic relationship has existed between deforestation processes and conservation efforts, including forest restoration through energy subsidy measures. In this context, what is proposed is the creation of a national ecosystem restoration program, together with a review of the functions of the public agencies currently involved in forest management, as a strategy to address the global challenges of climate change and biodiversity loss.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mirbel Epiquien-Rivera https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
First breeding record of Haematopus palliatus (Temminck, 1820) in the southern area of ​​La Punta district, CallaoFirst breeding record of Haematopus palliatus (Temminck, 1820) in the southern area of ​​La Punta district, Callao
American oystercatchers (Haematopus palliatus) are very sensitive shorebirds, considered of "Least Concern" (LC) according to the list of endangered wildlife species in Peru. Their annual breeding season extends from August to February; however, information related to breeding records for this species in Peru is scarce. This study confirms and documents the first breeding record for H. palliatus in the southern area of the district of La Punta, Callao, Peru. This record was made through direct observation on three occasions (February 1st, 8th and 20th 2024), using binoculars during occasional monitoring in the La Arenilla area. Parental behavior was documented in all four stages: egg laying, incubation, hatching and chick rearing. In addition, the presence of a nest was recorded in the area, with the observer approaching the spot, where he confirmed the presence of two eggs inside the nest. The documenting of this type of biological activity is of utmost importance for future management and conservation planning, both for shorebirds and for the American oystercatcher in particular.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jorge Podestá, Daniel Barona https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Diet of the guanay cormorant Leucocarbo bougainvilliorum (Lesson, 1837) on Pescadores Island after the Ventanilla oil spill in January 2022
Almost 11,000 barrels of oil were accidentally spilled into the sea off Ventanilla, Peru, in January 2022. This spill affected an extensive marine-coastal area north of Lima, including Pescadores Island, one of the main guanay cormorant (Leucocarbo bougainvilliorum) colonies. In order to examine possible secondary effects of the oil spill on these cormorants, the abundance of prey and the composition of their diet were compared across pre- (2018) and post-spill periods (7-11 months after the spill). The results of this study indicate that during the study period guanay cormorants consumed five species of fish, with the main prey consumed being Peruvian anchoveta (Engraulis ringens). The percentage occurrence of anchoveta in the diet across pre- and post-spill periods was 98% and 99%, respectively. The relative abundance of prey (numerical %) was also similar across both periods (pre-spill = 99.74%; post-spill = 99.17%). Variations in dietary diversity indices were found between the two periods (pre-spill = 0.005; post-spill = 0.03). These results indicate that guanay cormorants did not modify their diet during the months after the oil spill, despite significant differences across the three factors analyzed (% anchoveta occurrence, numerical % anchoveta, and Shannon-Wiener diversity index). The pattern of ocean currents in the affected area and the rapid accumulation of oil on beaches during the days after the spill suggest that any immediate effect of the oil on the pelagic zone was short-lived and did not affect the availability of the cormorants' main prey. However, it is unknown whether or not the prey consumed after the spill had any non-lethal cumulative contaminant effects.
Copyright (c) 2025 Héctor Estrada-Grossmann, Phd Carlos Zavalaga, Msc. Isabella Díaz-Santibañez https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Ocean Microbiome: The Influence of Viruses On Marine Ecosystems
Bacteriophages, viruses that infect microorganisms in marine ecosystems, play an essential role in the regulating of microbial populations. Through the process of cell lysis, they release dissolved organic carbon, directly influencing biogeochemical cycles and ocean dynamics associated with climate change. Marine viruses include those that target microscopic algae and others that infect pathogenic bacteria, displaying remarkable diversity and functional specificity. In this policy brief, we recommend the promotion of scientific research focused upon the diversity and ecological role of marine viruses in Peruvian waters, as well as the strengthening of international collaboration, in order to harness their potential for climate change mitigation and the conservation of marine ecosystems.
Copyright (c) 2025 Milene Villalobos, Lucas Cardona , Alvaro Lovat´ón https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Archaebacteria: Allies in carbon capture and the fight against climate change
The carbon cycle is essential for environmental balance and climate change mitigation, global challenges marked by rising levels of atmospheric CO₂ and its uptake by the world’s oceans, which causes acidification and disrupts biogeochemical cycles. In this context, archaea, particularly the Thaumarchaeota and Euryarchaeota groups, play a crucial role in carbon regulation and ammonia oxidation. In anoxic environments, methanotrophic and methanogenic archaea, such as Methanosarcinales, contribute to the regulation of greenhouse gases, such as methane, while others, such as Bathyarchaeota, are involved in acetogenesis. This body of knowledge, combined with the development of remediation technologies using nanoparticles, highlights the potential of archaea in the mitigation of climate change, underscoring the urgent need for research that assesses their diversity and functional roles within Peruvian marine ecosystems, as well as for the implementation of bioengineering pilot projects focused on their application.
Copyright (c) 2025 Milene Villalobos, Ximena Ramírez , Enrique Medina , Amir Vásquez, Daniel Caridad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effective Environmental Management At Events: Calculation Of The Carbon Footprint At Climathon Peru 2023
In a global context in which the mitigation of climate change impacts is of crucial importance, the quantification of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions during events that involve mass gatherings has become a priority. In this study, we analyzed the GHG emissions of two Climathon events in Peru: Callao and Trujillo in 2023. Using ISO 14064-1:2018 methodology, CO₂ equivalent emissions measurements found emissions of 0.85 Tn CO₂ eq in Callao and 0.84 Tn in Trujillo. In the event held in Callao, which lasted for 12 hours, the HC per capita was 0.103 tons of CO₂ equivalent (Tn CO₂ eq). In contrast, the event that took place in Trujillo lasted for 19 hours and produced a per capita HC of 0.114 Tn CO₂ eq. The main sources of emissions included the transporting of attendees (46-64%), “merchandising” (27-43%), virtual activities (6-9%) and energy consumption at event facilities (0.9 -1.4%). A qualitative approach was applied in the analysis of uncertainty regarding the accuracy of the data, divided into three levels: limited, acceptable and reasonable. A 34.6% reduction in limited data uncertainty was achieved through direct collection of information from participants and suppliers. This study demonstrates that more than 90% of the HC emissions produced during such events comes from indirect sources, underscoring the need to evaluate the entire supply chain, particularly with regard to energy consumption and the transporting of participants. Mitigation strategies are suggested, such as the digitalization of events, the optimization of logistics, and reductions in the use of physical materials, in order to reduce the GHG emissions of future initiatives.
Copyright (c) 2025 SEBASTIAN GUILLEN CHAVEZ, JOHANNA SUSA FIGUEROA TORRES, NORMA CECILIA VERA OLVEA https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Abundance and Conservation of Diurnal Raptors in Two Municipalities of Manglaralto - Santa Elena: Implications for Sustainable Management
This study, conducted in the Ecuadorian municipalities of Sinchal and Barcelona, adjacent to the Chongón-Colonche mountain range, assessed the distribution, abundance and diversity of raptors, with the aim of generating key information for conservation efforts. Transect and focal point methods were applied during a three-month monitoring period in 2024. Three 1-km transects were established, each subdivided into eight segments. Observation points were spaced 125 meters apart, covering a total area of approximately 2.36 km². Species observation and identification were conducted using Bushnell binoculars, Canon EOS Rebel T3i and Nikon D700 cameras and taxonomic field guides, enabling the identification of 13 species belonging to three families of the orders Cathartiformes, Accipitriformes and Falconiformes. A total of 194 individuals were recorded, with Coragyps atratus accounting for the highest relative abundance, at 53.6%, while Buteo brachyurus, Buteo meridionalis, Buteo urubitinga and Geranoaetus swainsonii accounted for only 0.52%. The Margalef, Shannon and Pielou indices used indicated moderate diversity, with C. atratus being the dominant species in both study areas. The relationship between vegetation structure and resource availability, particularly the presence of dry and humid forests, highlights the critical role of forest cover in the distribution of these birds. From a management and conservation perspective, the results emphasize the need for implementation of long-term strategies and monitoring efforts, in order to safeguard the habitats of these species. The use of tagging techniques and population dynamics tracking will be required to ensure the integrity of both the raptor communities and their ecosystems.
Copyright (c) 2025 Steven Caiche, Tanya González https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Protecting Wetlands for our Common Future: Aspirations and Insights from Two Key Countries of the Global South
Copyright (c) 2025 Héctor Aponte, Bramley Jemain Lemine, Shaddai Daniel https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Oils spills in Peru: What else can we do?
Copyright (c) 2024 Héctor Aponte, Marie Anne Gálvez, Diana Lizárraga Sánchez1, Jorge Luis Troll Lertora, Rodrigo del Rio do Valle, Jose Iannacone, Nathaly Vargas López, Valeria Ruoppolo, Mirtha Rosario Nazario Ramirez, Carlos Villegas Galvez, Marco Antonio Cardeña Mormontoy, Kiara Isabella Soto Melendez, Gonzalo Daniel Caceres Bartra https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Ecological aspects of the distribution of Ismene amancaes in the Amancay Sanctuary private conservation area (ACP), 2023
This study focuses on the monitoring of Ismene amancaes, a plant endemic to the coastal hills of Lima, within the Lomas Quebrada Río Seco Private Conservation Area, also known as the Amancay Sanctuary. By integrating geographic information systems (GIS) and machine learning techniques, the distribution and morphological characteristics of the species, together with the environmental conditions influencing its habitat, were evaluated. Field monitoring, combined with supervised classification, achieved an accuracy of 86% in identifying vegetation cover, in accordance with the Kappa index. The results reveal that I. amancaes occupies an area of 2.96 hectares, with a density of between 18 and 26 individuals per square meter. The species is primarily distributed across soils and roads (58.19%), followed by open spaces (23.43%), light vegetation cover (14.26%), and dense vegetation cover (4.12%). The methodology applied demonstrates the effectiveness of machine learning tools for biodiversity monitoring in hard-to-reach desert regions. These findings not only expand ecological knowledge of the species, but also underscore the urgent need to conserve and properly manage its habitat, particularly in relation to road and route management, in favor of the conservation of the species. Additionally, the findings provide a solid foundation for the development of future conservation strategies in the coastal hill ecosystem, thereby benefiting both the ecosystem and local communities.
Copyright (c) 2025 SEBASTIAN GUILLEN CHAVEZ, ALICIA CHINGUEL CHINGUEL, EMILIO FUENTES GARCIA https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Diversity of the macroinvertebrate assemblage associated with the holdfasts of giant kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera): baseline knowledge for the conservation of blue carbon ecosystems on Peru’s central coast
The holdfast of giant kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera) is formed by intricate root-like haptera that fasten on to hard substrata and at the same time provide a habitat for rich assemblages of macroinvertebrates. On the Peruvian coast of the Southeast Pacific, the taxonomic composition of this assemblage is unknown. In this context, the aim of this study was to evaluate the diversity of the associated fauna and determine its relationship with the morphometric parameters (mean diameter and volume) of M. pyrifera holdfasts at El Chuncho cove (Pucusana, Peru). Eleven rhizoids were collected, among which a total of 63 macroinvertebrate taxa were found, of which 40 were identified to species level. The most frequent taxa were the ophiuroid Ophiactis kroyeri, the amphipod Erichthonius sp., and the tubeworm Phragmatopoma virgini. No significant relationships were found between the average holdfast diameter and the community parameters; however, a significant correlation was found between holdfast volume and species richness and the abundance of individuals. We recommend incorporating the rhizoid volume morphometric variable into management and extraction plans for these macroalgae and standardizing evaluation protocols for species composition associated with subtidal forests along the Peruvian coast according to latitudinal and bathymetric gradients. Also, we suggest designating giant kelp as a prioritized conservation element within the State-protected polygons of Peru’s central coast, in order to increase efforts to conserve these blue carbon ecosystems.
Copyright (c) 2025 Juan Eduar Fernandez Davila, Aldo Gonzalo Indacochea Mejia, Sergio Gonzales , Bernabé Moreno Leveroni https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Comparison of thermal methods for the remediation of hydrocarbon contaminated soils: A systematic review
Globally, the contamination of soils by hydrocarbons has become a growing environmental concern. The presence of these compounds in soils can alter their physicochemical properties, affecting their structure, porosity and water retention capacity. Additionally, hydrocarbons can be toxic to soil organisms, inhibiting microbial activity and harming plants and animals that depend on this resource. In this article, we analyze a range of thermal remediation techniques for hydrocarbon-contaminated soils, comparing their efficiency. In order to conduct this analysis, 98 scientific articles from quartiles Q1 and Q2 were selected from databases such as Web of Science, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Wiley and MDPI, employing the Boolean operators "Techniques" AND "Remediation" AND "Hydrocarbons". The review focused on extracting and comparing common parameters such as soil type, the hydrocarbon studied, removal percentage and the energy used in the research. The techniques analyzed included thermal desorption, electron beam irradiation, resistance heating, electrokinetics, microwave radiation and soil vapor extraction. The quantitative results demonstrate the high degree of efficacy of these techniques, with thermal desorption achieving removal rates of up to 100% in certain cases. Electron beam irradiation was up to 95% effective in terms of the removal rate for hydrocarbons in clayey soils, while resistance heating achieved a removal efficiency of 99.99% in silty sandy soils. Electrokinetics was up to 98% effective in the removal of crude oil, while microwave radiation exhibited a high degree of efficiency in the removal of volatile and semi-volatile organic contaminants.
Copyright (c) 2025 Cristian Aguilar, Kiara Zárate, Katherine Chira, Giacomo Velasco, Joaquin Larrea, Yaneth Vasquez Olivera https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Efficiency of biostimulation and bioaugmentation in hydrocarbon soil remediation: A systematic review
Hydrocarbon bioremediation in soil using bacteria has gained greater relevance in recent years, highlighting its effectiveness as an environmentally sustainable and economically viable technique. This article demonstrates that biostimulation and bioaugmentation are effective methods for contaminant degradation, if favorable environmental conditions are present and the correct microorganisms are selected; however, challenges have been identified in practical application, particularly with regard to competition with native microbiota and adaptation to local conditions. Through a comprehensive analysis of recent studies, this article focuses on critical parameters such as pH, temperature, remediation efficiency and the mechanisms of action involved. The scientific literature on the bioremediation of hydrocarbons by bacteria is reviewed and analyzed, evaluating the physicochemical parameters, their mechanisms of action and efficiency, through biostimulation and bioaugmentation methods, highlighting the importance of bacteria in mitigating hydrocarbon contamination and offering a perspective on the research required in order to overcome existing barriers and improve the efficiency of these techniques.
Copyright (c) 2025 Deisy Ore, Daniela Rumiche, Karol Ponce, Manuel Saavedra, Yaneth Vasquez Olivera https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Parasites as Bioindicators of Hydrocarbon Contamination: An Effective Tool for Environmental Monitoring
Parasites are considered bioindicators of pollution, because they are organisms capable of accumulating toxic substances, such as hydrocarbons, in their tissues. This means that they are able to provide precise and relevant information for environmental monitoring in aquatic environments. This study's recommendations include: 1) The implementing of policies as part of environmental impact assessments that systematically integrate the use of parasites into environmental monitoring; 2) The improving of the technical training provided to regulatory personnel; and 3) The fostering of collaboration between academic and governmental institutions. These measures will not only improve the accuracy of hydrocarbon monitoring, but also constitute a crucial alternative in the preventive and mitigative monitoring of responsible companies' actions, thereby strengthening the protection and sustainable management of aquatic ecosystems in Peru.
Oil spills : Policy briefs and management recomendations
Copyright (c) 2024 Arianne Germán-Gómez, Vania Arrese-Dávila , Sergio Gonzales https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Risks of oil spills for Amazonian aquaculture in Peru
Aquaculture in the Peruvian Amazon has the potential to complement the important food supply provided by the fishing sector, but it must be conducted efficiently and sustainably, while avoiding environmental risks such as those posed by oil exploitation. In this policy brief, we identify the impacts on aquaculture and its products associated with hydrocarbons, as well as measures to mitigate potential negative effects, including proposals for policies and actions for the relevant national institutions involved in management, regulation and monitoring. In this document, we also offer recommendations related to training, research, possible mitigation measures, and alternatives for energy generation using biofuels. Finally, we acknowledge the difficulties inherent in controlling and reacting to spills, deriving from the governance of national institutions, the vastness and diversity of the territory involved, and the associated environmental and social complexities.
Copyright (c) 2024 Christian Berger Cebrelli, Alfredo Palomino Ramos https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Invisible heroes: the role of microorganisms in the cleanup of hydrocarbons in the sea
In today’s world, oil spills are no longer isolated incidents. Extensive use of hydrocarbons greatly increases the likelihood of spills. Unfortunately, Peru is no exception when it comes to the incidence of oil spills. As a response to such events, bioremediation with marine microorganisms (bacteria and cyanobacteria) represents a sustainable solution in the implementation of contingency plans against potential hydrocarbon contamination. Among the most important bacteria in this regard are the genera Achromobacter, Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas, Alteromonas, Haloferula, Ruegeria and Alcanivorax. Additionally, native Peruvian bacteria such as Vibrio fluvialis, Vibrio sp. and the cyanobacterium Anabaena cicadae have been shown to possess biodegradation potential. It is imperative that authorities promote research on the use of indigenous microbial consortia in natural environments, in addition to nutrients, in different strata and zones along the Peruvian coast.
Copyright (c) 2024 Milene Villalobos, Neil Alvarado Blättler, Sebastian Fabrizio Macht Zolezzi, José Alonso Rojas Córdova https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Respuestas biológicas en ostras contaminadas por hidrocarburos: foco en el sistema de biotransformación
To date, 5.8 million tons of oil have been spilled into the oceans, with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) being the compounds that cause the greatest negative impact on marine ecosystems. Understanding how aquatic organisms respond to PAHs exposure at the molecular and/or biochemical level serves as an environmental diagnostic indicator and could help in the formulation of conservation policies. We compiled 15 years of research evaluating sub-lethal effects in oysters of the genus Crassostrea after exposure to different hydrocarbons. We analyzed genes of the cytochrome P450 (CYP450) superfamily and the activity of conjugation enzymes. CYP450-like genes and GST enzymes were found to be the most susceptible to hydrocarbon exposure. We therefore suggest using these biomarkers as early warning tools in marine-coastal environmental monitoring programs.
Copyright (c) 2024 Miguel Angel Saldaña Serrano, Camila Lisarb Velasquez Bastolla, Flávia Lucena Zacchi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Establishment of “Control” Zones in Environmental Monitoring Programs for Investment Projects in the Hydrocarbons Subsector
Peruvian legislation regulates programs for the prevention, protection, control and remediation of negative impacts on marine-coastal ecosystems that may be generated by the implementation of hydrocarbon subsector projects. However, the lack of environmental information related to vulnerable marine-coastal zones in the event of a possible oil spill is a serious problem. This limits the assessment of real-world post-accident environmental effects and, consequently, makes it difficult to calculate the penalties for those responsible. Having analyzed the monitoring conducted in the areas affected by the oil spill that occurred at the La Pampilla refinery in January 2022, and after confirming the limited availability of environmental data prior to the spill, we propose that the owners of hydrocarbon subsector projects establish monitoring points in vulnerable areas that can be considered «control» zones in their monitoring programs, pre-identified in their environmental management instruments with the aid of environmental sensitivity maps.
Copyright (c) 2024 Baslavi Marisbel Condor-Lujan, Patricia Carbajal Enzian https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Artisanal fishermen as a surveillance and early response front for oil spill events
There is a critical need for the proposal of strategies to enhance the response capability of artisanal fishermen to oil spills in Peru, based on successful international experiences. This need was highlighted by the event of January 15, 2022, when nearly 11,000 barrels of oil were spilled into the sea off the La Pampilla Refinery. A fundamental need exists to empower fishermen in monitoring and response techniques, provide them with adequate equipment, and implement early warning systems. In addition, the creation of community surveillance networks is essential, together with a strengthening of the legal framework to include the participation of these communities. International cooperation is crucial for the exchanging of knowledge and best practices. The goals of these actions are to minimize the environmental and socioeconomic impacts of oil spills, empower local communities, and promote sustainable management of the marine environment.
Copyright (c) 2024 Marina Quiñe Fernández, Cinthya Bello Chirinos, Neil Alvarado Blätter https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Potential effects of the presence of hydrocarbons on marine macroalgae of ecological and commercial importance
Seaweed harvesting is an important economic activity in several coastal regions of Peru, providing an income for artisanal fishermen and their families. Several species of brown and red seaweeds are harvested in areas with high anthropogenic influence or with the potential to be polluted by oil spills, resulting in a decline in their reproductive and photosynthetic capacities. In this context, it is essential to conduct short-term studies on the metabolic processes of seaweeds regarding hydrocarbon capture, and implement measures that regulate indiscriminate oil discharges in coastal areas where seaweeds are harvested for processing and local human consumption.
Copyright (c) 2024 Max Castañeda Franco, Arturo Mires Reyes, Paul Baltazar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Exploration of the energy potential of microbial cells: Analysis of advances and limitations
Access to electricity is vital for human development; however, it remains a challenge for many people worldwide. In this context, organic waste represents an opportunity in the energy sector through the use of microbial fuel cells (MFCs), which convert organic waste into electricity by harnessing microorganisms that release electrons and break down organic matter. Therefore, the aim of this research was to describe the current situation and future trends in the application of microbial fuel cells, addressing the diversity of techniques and the substrates used to improve efficiency in electricity production, as well as their future applications and current limitations. To this end, a search was conducted on the Scielo, Scopus and Science Direct portals, within a specific time frame ranging from 2014 to 2023. Despite the proven success of microbial fuel cell use in wastewater treatment and constructed wetlands, their performance is influenced by a number of factors, such as the type of separator and electrode material employed, as well as chemical parameters such as pH, temperature and salinity. In addition, the costs associated with anode materials currently limit their large-scale application. In conclusion, microbial fuel cells represent a promising solution for sustainable energy generation from organic waste, although further research will be needed to overcome current limitations and achieve broader and more precise implementation going forward.
Copyright (c) 2024 Maricielo Alejandra Vera Riega, Mayra Alexandra Pisconte Gomero, Alexia Seminario Grandez, Gustavo Alonso Quique Cabello https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0